tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10638038741613905442024-03-04T20:22:52.745-08:00cikgufendiGuru Cemerlang Pengajian Kejuruteraan Elektrik & Elektronik(PKEE)cikgufendi(guru cemerlang PKEE)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05526619395626269379noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1063803874161390544.post-75657193444911275052010-10-11T06:39:00.000-07:002010-10-11T06:39:00.002-07:00Nota RIngkas Topik Perhubungan<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><line from="-.75pt,257.95pt" id="_x0000_s1026" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251657216;" to="213.75pt,257.95pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Jenis Sistem Perhubungan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Perhubungan ialah proses pemindahan maklumat dari pemancar ke penerima.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Proses pemindahan maklumat adalah dgn melalui sistem perhubungan telefon, s.p data dan s.p. radio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Terdiri drp 2 sistem iaitu ssimpleks atau dupleks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Simpleks</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Merupakan sistem perhubungan sehala. Satu pihak akan menghantar maklumat sahaja dan satu pihak yg lain akan menerima sahaja. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Contoh : sistem penyiaran radio, televisyen, percetakan t, penghantaran data suhu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Dupleks</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Merupakan sistem perhubungan dua hala antara pemancar dengan penerima.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Terdiri drp 2 jenis iaitu dupleks separuh & dupleks penuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Dupleks Separuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memancar dan menerima isyarat secara bergilir-gilir. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cth : walkie-talkie, prhubungan radio polis & tentera, radio jalur awam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Dupleks Penuh</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Memancar dan menerima isyarat secara serentak. Cth : telefon.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Komponen Asas Sistem Perhubungan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Terdiri drp 3 bahagian utama iaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">penghantar</i></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">media </i></b>dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> penerima.</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Penghantar</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> --<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerima masukan analog atau berdigit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>utk dimodulatkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Media --<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">saluran perhubungan yang menjadi penghubung antara penghantar dgn penerima</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 4.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Penerima – </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">menyahmodulatkan isyarat yg diterima.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="all" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Media Penghantaran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Terdiri drp 2 kumpulan iaitu saluran tanpa dawai dan saluran berdawai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Saluran tanpa dawai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cth : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gelombang mikro <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah tinggi/bukit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhubungan satelit – Benua/laut luas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Saluran berdawai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Tanah rata </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penggunaan saluran berdawai bergantung kpd kriteria berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Lebar jalur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yg diperlukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <place w:st="on">Kos</place><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jarak Perambatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Lokasi media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cth : Talian 2 dawai, kabel sepaksi dan gentian optik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Talian Dua Dawai</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Lazim digunakan untuk talian telefon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Terdiri drp 2 dawai selari yang dipiuh pada jarak tertentu dan dibaluti plastik yang berlainan warna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Tujuan dipiuh utk mengurangkan gangguan talian silang kesan drp voltan diperalatan yang berhampiran dgn talian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lebar jalurnya lebih kurang 3000 Hz.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kabel Sepaksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lazim digunakan dalam sistem perhubungan radio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terdiri drp 2 pengalir yg dipisahkan oleh satu lapisan penebat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lebar jalurnya di antara 100kHZ hingga 500kHZ. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kabelnya tahan lasak.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Gentian Optik</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kabel pilihan terbaik masa kini kerana :-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>murah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tahan lasak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii) Lebar jalur lebih besar dlm linkungan 5 GHz. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iv) Bebas dari hingar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>v)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemerosotan yg. rendah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Diperbuat drp jalur kaca atau plastik yang dibaluti penebat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isyarat berdigit perlu ditukar kepada isyarat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cahaya sebelum dapat merambat dalam gentian optik..</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2gueOurEHVPXJl7tcj5p1f1cy5lRDAvnxM-H2HojXaM5v8se0y_YgmqqlTgbE0HlX2xk3N4uSbcN54B_XTI5IWiXBihiC9AuP3atybha_WEl1GfAmmg4oa3fmXv7H5JcFlfOBNv8MtkM/s1600/1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2gueOurEHVPXJl7tcj5p1f1cy5lRDAvnxM-H2HojXaM5v8se0y_YgmqqlTgbE0HlX2xk3N4uSbcN54B_XTI5IWiXBihiC9AuP3atybha_WEl1GfAmmg4oa3fmXv7H5JcFlfOBNv8MtkM/s1600/1.bmp" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Gelombang Mikro</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Media frekuensi penghantaran menggunakan udara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lebar jalur di antara 1GHz hingga 300GHz.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isyarat media dihantar menggunakan antena pemancar dan diterima oleh antena penerima.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dulu -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk perambatan gelombang mikro, dua frekuensi/saluran diperlukan untuk memancar & menerima isyarat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kini – Dengan menggunakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transceiver</b> hanya satu antena yang digunakan untuk memancar dan menerima isyarat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stesen pengulang berada di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bumi.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Perhubungan Satelit</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Media frekuensi penghantaran menggunakan udara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stesen pengulang berada di ruang angkasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem perhubungan lebih luas sehingga ke kewasan terpencil, merentasi benua dan lautan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stesen pemancar bumi akan memancarkan isyarat ke antena penerima satelit- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frekuensi hubung atas</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antena pemancar satelit memancar isyarat ke stesen penerima di bumi – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frekuensi hubung bawah</b>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peranti yang menerima dan memancar isyarat pada satelit di kenali sebagai <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">responder.</i></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pemodulatan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ialah proses menggabungkan isyarat maklumat yang hendak dihantar dengan isyarat pembawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemodulatan sangat penting dalam sistem perhubungan kerana ia dapat menghantar isyarat maklumat pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Istilah Penting</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat Memodulat atau Maklumat atau Masukan atau Audio</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ialah isyarat maklumat asal yang hendak dihantar oleh sebuah sistem perhubungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat Pembawa</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ialah isyarat yang membawa isyarat memodulat menjangkau jarak yang jauh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemodulatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ialah proses mengubah isyarat pembawa supaya menuruti isyarat memodukat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</tbody></table>cikgufendi(guru cemerlang PKEE)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05526619395626269379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1063803874161390544.post-83798555864154481572010-10-11T06:35:00.000-07:002010-10-11T06:35:38.815-07:00Nota Ringkas Motor AT<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 601px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor Elektrik</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Ialah mesin yg menukarkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tenaga elektrik</b> kepada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tenaga mekanik</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unit bagi kuasa motor ialah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">watt</b>, W atau <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kuasa kuda</b>, HP .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 HP =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>746 W<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><line from="-4.2pt,-.35pt" id="_x0000_s1026" style="flip: y; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251656192;" to="217.05pt,-.35pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Simbol</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyGkH6A9kY1CcC4RFW297x6za7LcwW1JV3BtpUllmYOW7Kjh5hZSPJPxmK49-8sOCxoUdaaAPfyLYm22O4oSRX2RTMQL8bZFD4bsydFDFSagOV2r37TgfKOl4dVxWbQ4iuz6bB3b4V7g/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyGkH6A9kY1CcC4RFW297x6za7LcwW1JV3BtpUllmYOW7Kjh5hZSPJPxmK49-8sOCxoUdaaAPfyLYm22O4oSRX2RTMQL8bZFD4bsydFDFSagOV2r37TgfKOl4dVxWbQ4iuz6bB3b4V7g/s1600/1.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><line from="-3.9pt,38.55pt" id="_x0000_s1027" style="flip: y; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251657216;" to="218.1pt,38.55pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Binaan Asas Motor AT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Angker<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Ialah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bahagian berputar</b> yg terdiri drp:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teras angker</i></b> – berfungsi sebagai elektromagnet utk menghasilkan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet yg akan bersaling tindak balas dgn <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet pemegun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">b) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Belitan angker </i></b>– berfungsi utk mengalirkan arus supaya teras angker mjadi elektromagnet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">c) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lubang alur </i></b>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berfungsi sbg laluan untuk belitan angker & memisahkan angker kpd beberapa ruas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penukartertib</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Berfungsi utk menghubungkan pengaliran arus dari bekalan kpd belitan angker melalui berus karbon. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berus Karbon </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berfungsi sebagai <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komponen penyambung litar elektrik yang berputar dengan bahagian yang pegun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">iv)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kutub Medan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berfungsi utk menghasilkan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Motor kecil menggunakan magnet kekal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Motor besar menggunakan elektromagnet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Belitan yang menghasilkan kekuatan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet dinamakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="all" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Prinsip Kendalian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arus mengalir ke belitan angker dan belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Medan</place></city> magnet akan terhasil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kedua-dua <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> akan bertindak balas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saling tindak balas ini menghasilkan daya kilas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daya kilas yang wujud akan menyebabkan angker berputar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses putaran angker seperti berikut :`</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFQK-f96EEVWk1oc7eG1xyy5ZNDGTZYJ3uVvjN4Dk2KNAnqZqU4L3itJ-P62dNNW4l8Zm_u5Ku44t6mP5M8UTI0Rv9OUq7-GS7n7o9aX3hp49_66bOxwVeciJpZcS6HKHN2ovE45Z29I4/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFQK-f96EEVWk1oc7eG1xyy5ZNDGTZYJ3uVvjN4Dk2KNAnqZqU4L3itJ-P62dNNW4l8Zm_u5Ku44t6mP5M8UTI0Rv9OUq7-GS7n7o9aX3hp49_66bOxwVeciJpZcS6HKHN2ovE45Z29I4/s1600/2.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt;"><line from="-3.45pt,123.5pt" id="_x0000_s1029" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251659264;" to="222.3pt,123.5pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Menukar Arah Putaran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Motor AT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Arah putaran angker dapat ditukar dengan 2 cara iaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Menyongsangkan sambungan belitan angker</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Menyongsangkan sambungan belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Menyongsangkan punca bekalan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 225pt;" valign="top" width="300"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Litar Asas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor AT dikelaskan kepada 3 iaitu : i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Siri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Pirau</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Majmuk</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Siri</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpUh2Ln0mEljqD2yDmUE-RUp6b69Li1gHKXgC0X3QSTTPbs7xexHw0xbjyGDJjZt15Qef_9MoJcsXtEDddy8O4nZTrgeKcqKhfLhPW1_DrvnHjSCRPaaOEl0p2ytfvBgivdap5P14sws/s1600/3.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpUh2Ln0mEljqD2yDmUE-RUp6b69Li1gHKXgC0X3QSTTPbs7xexHw0xbjyGDJjZt15Qef_9MoJcsXtEDddy8O4nZTrgeKcqKhfLhPW1_DrvnHjSCRPaaOEl0p2ytfvBgivdap5P14sws/s1600/3.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Ciri-ciri motor siri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> & belitan angker disambung siri dengan punca bekalan<u>.</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DGE balikan tidak berlaku di belitan angker, ini membolehkan arus permulaan yang tinggi mengalir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">* Oleh itu, daya kilas permulaan yang tinggi akan berlaku.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor ini sesuai untuk sistem berbeban pada permulaan kerja seperti kren, tali sawat dan mesin CNC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Pirau</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJeXSzjgy5LyAWAd-KiSQT1EI0QXOnYaj4vTqtcZVY97dx7ar0zV1dtUSB0D5wa1i4pO7GB6rIbqnQ03fwUAnqEEMLqPMbKNqDMJS8JKShOHFhWRXxEF1EycZ1Af8ImmmiAcbfLSkGnZE/s1600/4.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJeXSzjgy5LyAWAd-KiSQT1EI0QXOnYaj4vTqtcZVY97dx7ar0zV1dtUSB0D5wa1i4pO7GB6rIbqnQ03fwUAnqEEMLqPMbKNqDMJS8JKShOHFhWRXxEF1EycZ1Af8ImmmiAcbfLSkGnZE/s1600/4.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Ciri-ciri motor pirau</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> & belitan angker disambung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selari dengan punca bekalan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Dengan sambungan selari maka arus pada belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> sentiasa malar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">DGE balikan yang terhasil akan menentukan arus pada belitan angker. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Daya kilas permulaan tidak tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kegunaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor ini sesuai untuk kelajuan malar seperti perkakas mesin, penggilap dan penyembur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Majmuk</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaXrDEKh01z7goHwvJKfN4iOL8KH4UiHgLcc5_9eL9tkFdGisyZD6OmMe0QN6JCTDQ7Lfs72-Lt1DQvIN589rLBMI3tLfo5ZIt3FN1eousrhK__kkVW1qHrlT9qVr87txt1wJ4V_3UDxA/s1600/5.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaXrDEKh01z7goHwvJKfN4iOL8KH4UiHgLcc5_9eL9tkFdGisyZD6OmMe0QN6JCTDQ7Lfs72-Lt1DQvIN589rLBMI3tLfo5ZIt3FN1eousrhK__kkVW1qHrlT9qVr87txt1wJ4V_3UDxA/s1600/5.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Ciri-ciri motor majmuk</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -14.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mempunyai belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> siri & belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> pirau.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilangan belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> siri adalah kurang daripada bilangan belitan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> pirau. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mempunyai daya kilas permulaan tinggi dan kelajuan yang malar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kegunaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor beban lampau berat spt mesin pemotong dan pengisar. </span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>cikgufendi(guru cemerlang PKEE)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05526619395626269379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1063803874161390544.post-6927501018052874782010-10-11T06:25:00.000-07:002010-10-11T06:25:28.647-07:00Nota Ringkas Topik Motor<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 601px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor Elektrik</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- Ialah mesin yg menukarkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tenaga elektrik</b> kepada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tenaga mekanik</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unit bagi kuasa motor ialah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">watt</b>, W atau <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kuasa kuda</b>, HP .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 HP =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>746 W<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><line from="-4.2pt,-.35pt" id="_x0000_s1026" style="flip: y; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251656192;" to="217.05pt,-.35pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Simbol</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif0-gmvXgWt8VqAKVxNf3nANOeO4tI_laRquxvmwYRKOPb9Z6Y3uSrxeQuiZVzHrfgHb0ueQT1WlZzRFzkBV_KETa57khNpaoHTgI1hyJVCybCTdhh9_O11-aZxkGCSj7BxShcKXLEoRk/s1600/simbol+motor.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif0-gmvXgWt8VqAKVxNf3nANOeO4tI_laRquxvmwYRKOPb9Z6Y3uSrxeQuiZVzHrfgHb0ueQT1WlZzRFzkBV_KETa57khNpaoHTgI1hyJVCybCTdhh9_O11-aZxkGCSj7BxShcKXLEoRk/s1600/simbol+motor.bmp" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><line from="-3.9pt,38.55pt" id="_x0000_s1027" style="flip: y; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251657216;" to="218.1pt,38.55pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"></shapetype></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Binaan Asas Motor Aruhan AU</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor aruhan AU mempunyai <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2</b> bahagian utama iaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pemegun dan pemutar</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemegun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Bahagian yang pegun dalam motor.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Berfungsi untuk membekalkan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">medan</b></place></city><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> magnet berputar</b> kepada pemutar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Medan</place></city> magnet berputar dihasilkan oleh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">belitan pemula dan belitan larian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Belitan pemula</b> berfungi untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menentukan arah pusingan motor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Belitan larian</b> berfungsi untuk menentukan kelajuan pusingan motor<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemutar</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahagian yang berputar dalam motor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemutar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak mempunyai sebarang belitan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pemutar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibina drp <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">palang pengalir</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuprum atau aluminium yang diisi ke dalam lubang alur <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teras pemutar</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Palang pengalir ini menjadi laluan untuk <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arus tearuh. </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teras pemutar dibina daripada keluli berlamina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="all" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Prinsip Kendalian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arus yang mengalir dibelitan pemula dan belitan larian adalah pada fasa yang berbeza (90<sup>o</sup>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perbezaan ini menyebabkan terhasil <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet berputar dipemegun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Medan</place></city> magnet berputar pemegun akan memotong palang pengalir pemutar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arus akan tearuh pada pemutar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Medan</place></city> magnet berputar juga akan terbentuk dipemutar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seterusnya, berlakunya saling tindak balas di antara <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet berputar dengan <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">medan</place></city> magnet pemegun. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saling tindak balas ini menghasilkan daya kilas pada palang pengalir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daya kilas yang wujud akan menyebabkan pemutar motor berputar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><line from="-4.4pt,16.2pt" id="_x0000_s1029" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251659264;" to="221.35pt,16.2pt"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses putaran angker seperti berikut :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Penghasilan perbezaan fasa di antara belitan pemula dan belitan larian. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menggunakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saiz dawai belitan</b> yang berbeza.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menggunakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bilangan belitan</b> yang berbeza.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memasang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pemuat </b>secara siri dengan belitan pemula.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 225pt;" valign="top" width="300"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Litar Asas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor aruhan yang akan dibincangkan ialah motor aruhan pemuat kekal, motor aruhan pemuat pemula dan motor semesta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Aruhan Pemuat kekal</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjju6x6cxR0NjyM1wEAwXyy5yN2WQAbq6k5N3iWBgLvUCPkgOW9dGMkjiF2vXMmZuw5puoTl-Y8x9WDVRfRa-BA6vyEIXfRc8Csdhyphenhyphen6FZU9gmphlP7C_ImdpDSH7jC7Zq95BHwoIpyUytw/s1600/Motor+AU+emuat+Kekal.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjju6x6cxR0NjyM1wEAwXyy5yN2WQAbq6k5N3iWBgLvUCPkgOW9dGMkjiF2vXMmZuw5puoTl-Y8x9WDVRfRa-BA6vyEIXfRc8Csdhyphenhyphen6FZU9gmphlP7C_ImdpDSH7jC7Zq95BHwoIpyUytw/s1600/Motor+AU+emuat+Kekal.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Ciri-ciri motor aruhan pemuat kekal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemuat kekal disambung siri dengan belitan pemula yang berfungsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk menghasilkan perbezaan fasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daya kilas tidak tinggi dan kelajuan malar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor ini sesuai untuk sistem berbeban yang rendah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti kipas angin meja, kipas silang dan kipas ekzos.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Aruhan Pemuat Pemula</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdHAAVrtJ80m5ZZ9r7VefLYAo_EHHP6uvErXfjMN-cN9vjJvZ0v9S9t-cy98DTckfZ3YyCgxapuuvPJ337zp_a2EQyH3djPJO2uYxVTdYSpRlGdz8LqW5NMmpdAvezb0bJwk4c6qIbX3s/s1600/motor+au2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdHAAVrtJ80m5ZZ9r7VefLYAo_EHHP6uvErXfjMN-cN9vjJvZ0v9S9t-cy98DTckfZ3YyCgxapuuvPJ337zp_a2EQyH3djPJO2uYxVTdYSpRlGdz8LqW5NMmpdAvezb0bJwk4c6qIbX3s/s1600/motor+au2.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Ciri-ciri motor aruhan pemuat pemula</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pemuat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suis empar dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disambung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>siri dengan belitan pemula.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pemuat akan membezakan fasa di antara belitan pemula dan belitan larian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Arus permulaan yang sangat tinggi sehingga memerlukan suis empar untuk memisahkan sambungan belitan pemula apabila kadar kelajuan mencapai 70% hingga 80% tahap kelajuan penuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Daya kilas sangat tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Motor ini sesuai untuk mesin yang memerlukan bebanan seperti mesin gerudi, mesin parut kelapa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motor Semesta</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLupnos0kTdxH54P7Jl8ulI9Y1umnkwav1pq6lnAe4vaZ4Ex9MBiWHDurQ6zCsETwwGSDfAPSaAGKWY8OdptQIqsTFGq6VMVO7mZ_LQQ0TbDl-C1-se80x73SDwplzm3a5pnv4ZF9ZMns/s1600/au3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLupnos0kTdxH54P7Jl8ulI9Y1umnkwav1pq6lnAe4vaZ4Ex9MBiWHDurQ6zCsETwwGSDfAPSaAGKWY8OdptQIqsTFGq6VMVO7mZ_LQQ0TbDl-C1-se80x73SDwplzm3a5pnv4ZF9ZMns/s1600/au3.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Ciri-ciri motor semesta</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Boleh menggunakan bekalan AU dan AT.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kendalian sama seperti motor siri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Daya kilas yang tinggi dan kelajuan putaran yang mudah dikawal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kegunaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 3.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Motor ini digunakan untuk peralatan elektrik spt. Gerudi tangan dan alat pengadun (blender)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Menukar Putaran Motor Aruhan AU</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Arah putaran motor aruhan dapat ditukar dengan menukar <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arah penyambungan kekutuban</b> belitan larian atau belitan pemula.</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>cikgufendi(guru cemerlang PKEE)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05526619395626269379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1063803874161390544.post-20628010655047315232010-10-11T06:10:00.000-07:002010-10-11T06:30:06.031-07:00Nota Ringkas Topik Robotik<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 155.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 155.15pt;"></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">PENGENALAN KEPADA ROBOTIK</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 155.15pt;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 601px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepentingan dan keperluan robotik adalah untuk : i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil pengeluaran yg kualiti dgn kuantiti yg besar.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ii) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjalankan tugas ditempat yang bahaya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laksanakerja tanpa henti</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">iv) laku tugas yang berulang2 dgn kejituan yg tinggi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>v)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laku <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tugas dgn lebih cepat dan tepat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><place w:st="on"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Aras</span></b></place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Teknologi Robot</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><place w:st="on"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aras</b></place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> teknologi rendah</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mempunyai kawalan pergerakan tetap dan tidak boleh ditukar ketika beroperasi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><place w:st="on"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aras</b></place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> teknolgi sederhana </b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mempunyai pergerakan yang lebih berbanding ATR walaubagaimanapun tugasnya terbatas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><place w:st="on"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aras</b></place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> teknologi tinggi</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -8.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Mempunyai pergerakan yang banyak dan mampu menjalankan tugas yang kompleks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><line from="-3.65pt,4.2pt" id="_x0000_s1026" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; z-index: 251657216;" to="215.35pt,4.2pt"><wrap side="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komponen Asas Robot</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Terdiri <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">manipulator, pengawal, sumber penggerak</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alat hujung lengan</b>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manipulator</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ialah mesin yang bergerak untuk melakukan kerja.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terdiri daripada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tatarajah</b> , <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pergelangan tangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan bingkai tapak</b>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tatarajah Manipulator</b> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pergerakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lengan dan sendi. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terdiri daripada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tatarajah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kartesan</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">silinder, kutub </b>dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> persendian.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pergelangan Tangan Manipulator</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berfungsi seperti pergelangan tangan manusia iaitu pergelangan, rewang dan olek.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bingkai Tapak Manipulator</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Boleh diletak di lantai, dinding atau siling.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengawal</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0pt 9.75pt; text-indent: -9.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terdapat beberapa jenis pengawal robot iaitu pengawal paksi servo, bukan servo, mikropemproses dan pengawal logik boleh atur cara (PLC). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengawal berhubung dengan peralatan atau peranti penggunaan antara muka.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber Penggerak</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 17.1pt; text-indent: -11.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Tiga jenis sumber penggerak utama iaitu kuasa elektrik, kuasa hidraulik dan kuasa pneumatik.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kuasa elektrik</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9.9pt 0pt 9.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bekalan utama voltan</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">AU</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt;">&</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">AT</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: 1.65pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kuasa Hidraulik</b> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bendalir bertekanan tinggi</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk menggerakkan silinder hidraulik pd robot.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Kaedah ini berupaya mengerak robot dengan kelajuan dan kuasa angkat beban yg tinggi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kuasa Pneumatik</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 21.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">udara bertekanan tinggi</i> untuk menggerakkan silinder pneumatik pd robot.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">iv)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alat Hujung Lengan</b> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Terdapat 3 jenis iaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penggenggam mekanik,</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penggenggam vakum</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penggenggam magnet.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Mekanisme Robotik</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">- Mekanisme robotik lazimnya dilengkapi dengan penderia, motor pelangkah, gear, tali sawat & rantai.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">i) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penderia</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Ialah peranti yang digunakan utk mengesan sendi & bahan kerja, bahan kerja, kelajuan putaran, daya dan tekanan, daya kilas, cahaya dan kehadiran</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis-jenis penderia ialah penderia penglihatan, bau, sentuh, pendengaran dan pertuturan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di bahagikan kpd 2 mod kendalian iaitu penderia sentuh dan penderia tak sentuh.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penderia sentuh</b> –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beroperasi apabila bersentuh dengan objek.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penderia tak sentuh</b> – beroperasi apabila objek berada dalam kawasan pengesan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ii)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Motor Pelangkah</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Merupakan motor elektrik yang berputar mengikut darjah putaran. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terdiri daripada 2 jenis iaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dua kutub magnet</b> kekal dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dua kutub bifilar</b>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">iii) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gear</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Dengan menggunakan rangkaian gear ia dapat berfungsi untuk memindahkan kuasa, putaran aci dan menukar arah pergerakkan robot.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Terdapat 2 jenis rangkaian gear iaitu rangkaian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasa dan rangkaian planet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Gear rangkaian biasa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikelaskan kpd gear mudah dan gear majmuk.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Bahagian gear yang digunakan utk membina rangkaian dikenali sebagai gear pemacu, gear pemelahu dan gear terpicu.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis-jenis Gear</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Terdiri drp gear taji, gear heliks, gear serong dan gear ulir. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">iv) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talisawat</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ialah bahan jalur yang berputar berterusan menggunakan dua takal. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">-</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Terdiri drp 2 jenis iaitu talisawat Jenis V, segerak dan rata.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">v)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rantai</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 8.1pt; text-indent: -8.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Digunakan utk memindah kuasa antara dua aci menggunakan gegancu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 17.1pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Terdiri drp 2 jenis iaitu rantai guling & rantai manik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pengawal Boleh Atur Cara (PLC)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">- Merupakan satu peranti yang boleh di atur cara.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.9pt 0pt 3.6pt; text-indent: -3.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">- Terdapat 5 bahagian utama iaitu masu keluaran, bekalan kuasa & pangkalan pengaturcaraan.kan, pengawal, </span></span><br />
<br />
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</tbody></table>cikgufendi(guru cemerlang PKEE)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05526619395626269379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1063803874161390544.post-29129680311592541212010-10-03T18:42:00.000-07:002010-10-03T18:42:39.209-07:00pelancaran bulan reka cipta 2010<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVhWS3cVRrF1MCAhneoKEnXPFJTBWh0WSt5lpieMxeal0PnzWbCoIDIhGYmpB_mkwfXjb96szRxyK9wNP-xpPdgr2AkQJaSF4A5X-BrxHBJoG-hJJZPY4kfpvvqjpuz1zJNYRKpCKe7EA/s1600/P1010787.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVhWS3cVRrF1MCAhneoKEnXPFJTBWh0WSt5lpieMxeal0PnzWbCoIDIhGYmpB_mkwfXjb96szRxyK9wNP-xpPdgr2AkQJaSF4A5X-BrxHBJoG-hJJZPY4kfpvvqjpuz1zJNYRKpCKe7EA/s320/P1010787.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 11" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 11" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csolarcar%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csolarcar%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csolarcar%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><style>
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@page Section1
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div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
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@list l6
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@list l7
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@list l7:level1
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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@list l8
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@list l8:level1
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper;
mso-level-text:"\(%1\)";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:119.25pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
-->
</style>cikgufendi(guru cemerlang PKEE)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05526619395626269379noreply@blogger.com0